While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. The increasingly open economic system and the acceleration of globalization would increase countries wealth and per capita gross domestic product (GDP). Schweller identifies a number of examples of the United States violating the spirit of multilateral cooperation within its own alliance system, including the decision by Dwight Eisenhower's administration not to support Britain and France during the Suez crisis, the adoption by John Kennedy's administration of flexible response in the face of allied opposition, and the decision by Richard Nixon's administration to normalize relations with China without consulting Japan, even though Japan was the United States key regional ally.46 These are important examples of the United States acting unilaterally, largely unconstrained by its allies preferences. Peter Liberman argues further that major powers have traded even when they viewed each other as large and imminent security threats. Let's take a closer look at some of these basic principles. Thomas J. Christensen, China, the U.S.-Japan Alliance, and the Security Dilemma in East Asia, International Security, Vol. For a broader discussion of legitimacy and its constraining influence on unipolar powers, see Martha Finnemore, Legitimacy, Hypocrisy, and the Social Structure of Unipolarity: Why Being a Unipole Isn't All It's Cracked Up to Be, World Politics, Vol. Balance of threat theory is best considered a strand of defensive realism/rationalist theory: offensive capability reflects power and the offense-defense balance, which includes geography; the perceived intentions of opposing states are an information variable that captures the opposing states types. Theories that include beliefs/information about other states motives and intentions fill this gap. Whereas the LIO analysis implicitly assumes that the answer is yes, the current debate over U.S. grand strategy is deeply divided on this issue.100 Should the United States continue to favor economic openness? Such interven View the full answer While critics of the theory claim it is too utopian and ignores the reality of power politics, the theory does help explain international cooperation and provides a road map for an alternative way to create a peaceful and less anarchical international system. Overall, liberal internationalism has both strengths and weaknesses as a foreign policy approach. As mentioned, balance of threat theory underscores that power is not the only factor that should influence states decisions about balancing.75 The belief among EU states that U.S. motives are essentially benign, at least as they pertain to the use of military force to compel or defeat members of the EU, largely explains this lack of external balancing.76, Proponents of the liberal hegemonic order claim that it played an important role in maintaining great power peace during and after the Cold War. 3042, doi.org/10.2307/2539010. 54, No. Consequently, the weaker states consider the most powerful state's overwhelming influence in establishing the terms of the consensus to be legitimate.26 Accordingly, the weaker states are less likely to try to overturn the agreement or regime, which increases the most powerful state's prospects for maintaining its position over the long run. 3. Strengths and Weaknesses of Main Ideologies of IPE Although sorting out the many possible answers to this question is beyond the scope of this article, a short discussion illustrates the range of possibilities.
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